Original article in Korean here
Religious freedom is a fundamental right recognized in the constitutions and laws of many countries around the world. However, how it is applied and enforced varies significantly based on each country’s political and social context. In the United States, the First Amendment guarantees that freedom of religion shall not be infringed, ensuring individuals the right to choose their religion or to live without one. The government cannot endorse or suppress any religion. Additionally, religious organizations in the U.S. are granted the right to engage in political activities.
European Union (EU) countries generally guarantee religious freedom, but with notable variations based on historical backgrounds. For example, Sweden and Denmark have state religions, and the government is involved to some degree in religious matters. In contrast, France emphasizes secularism, supporting the strict separation of church and state. These differences significantly influence social cohesion and how religious conflicts are managed.
In India, a multi-religious society, the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. However, religious conflicts often arise, particularly tensions between Hindus and Muslims. Although the government has introduced policies to protect religious minorities, these efforts are not always effective, and religious violence remains a persistent issue.
In China, the constitution guarantees freedom of religion, but in practice, religious activities are heavily controlled by the Communist Party. Religious organizations must be state-approved, and unapproved religious activities can be subject to persecution. In particular, the treatment of Uyghur Muslims and Christians has been widely criticized by the international community. As this comparison shows, religious freedom is implemented in different ways across the world, and efforts to protect this right are still required in many nations.
Jihye Lee, Reporter
